Methodology Project Management

Question: Expound on theMethodologyfor Project Management. Answer: Presentation Task Management is seen to be widely utilized in some structure or the other in different business segments (Kerzner, 2013). This is chiefly in light of the fact that utilizing the venture the executives ends up being gainful for the business associations to explain the objectives and recognize the difficult regions and hazard and it additionally help with disconnecting the exercises and observing the results (Turner, 2014). In addition, with the assistance of venture the executives, the responsibility can be upgraded since it helps in detaching the works and doling out the obligations in a proficient way. In this way, based on the perspectives, venture the executives can be characterized as a transitory undertaking that is attempted by the business associations that follows a particular pattern of commencement, characterizing, arranging, execution and close for the improvement of a one of a kind item or administration through successful coordination of human, material and budgetary assets. Consequently, based on the above viewpoints identified with compelling use of task the board, the exposition stresses upon the applying the venture the board approachs in setting to the Engineering and Construction Project Tender that has been gotten. Dealing with an Engineering and Construction Project is seen to be unique in relation to the administration of different activities. The distinctions that exist between these two sort of ventures for the most part comes from the nature and the attributes of the designing and the development ventures (Chen et al., 2009). So for the fruitful administration of the development, it is significant with respect to the task chief to mull over the distinctions that exist between the nature and normal for the development ventures and different activities. A development ventures is commonly seen to be capital escalated and therefore requests noteworthy inclusion of the administration aptitudes and viable coordination of the wide scope of specialists from various fields. The development ventures are commonly attempted outside and in this way they are powerless to numerous factors that incorporate traffic and climate (Ghanem AbdelRazig, 2006). While undertaking the development venture, it is significant with respect to the task administrator to effectively address the topography and states of the venture site and connection between the task and the earth in which it is being embraced. The development ventures are likewise dependent upon assortment of laws and guidelines that endeavor towards guaranteeing the open wellbeing and the limiting the ecological effect. In contrast with different ventures, the development ventures requests escalated utilization of work and it likewise devours huge measure of materials and physical apparatuses. It has been seen that the administration of development ventures shares a great deal for all intents and purpose with the administration of the comparative sorts of the activities thus the examinations led by Burke, (2013) has advanced the way that the a significant part of the substance of the PMBOK_Guide is legitimately appropriate if there should arise an occurrence of the development ventures. In any case, despite the fact that it has been said that the administration of development ventures is like the administration of the other sort of undertakings in different viewpoints, development venture is portrayed with specific quirks that separate the administration of the development venture from different activities like programming improvement. As, in the event of development extends, the venture administrators are regularly changed starting with one stage then onto the next stage. In this way so as to recognize the distinctions, Project Management Institute has given a manual for powerful administration of the development venture for example The Construction Extension Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge third version. This guide set forward four extra information zones that incorporate the task wellbeing the board, venture ecological administration, venture budgetary administration and undertaking guarantee the executives. According to the investigations led by Larson Gray, (2011), it has been seen that the in a development venture, the significant assignments that are included incorporate powerful coordination of the experts inside the undertaking group so as to empower them to invest their best amounts of energy to contribute towards the effective finish of the task. Besides, it is likewise the way that for viably dealing with the development ventures, it is critical to have an improved comprehension of the plan and development forms notwithstandin g the information in regards to the undertaking the executives and general administration. What's more, the other major significant angles in setting to successful administration of the development ventures incorporate the capacity to convey adequately and the capacity to productively deal with the group. According to the examinations led by Meredith Mantel, (2011), it has been seen that the elements of venture the board in development incorporate determining the targets and plans of the task that incorporate the setting up the undertaking degree, financial plan and calendar, setting the exhibition prerequisites and choosing the members of the venture. Undertaking the board likewise helps in expanding the successful use of the accessible assets by acquiring the work, materials and gear according to the calendar and the arrangement that has been recommended (Schwalbe, 2015). It additionally ends up being helpful in actualizing the tasks through viable coordination and control of the arranging, plan, evaluating, contracting and building exercises all through the procedure of the development and it helps with creating powerful correspondence and components so as to determine the contentions among the development venture colleagues. In setting to the Kerzners venture Management, investigation of the section 5 for example the Management Functions uncovered the way that it manages different viewpoints in venture the executives that remember the relational impacts for the task, the boundaries to extend group advancement and the manners by which the recently framed group can be dealt with (Turner, 2007). In this manner, it gives the manners by which the task needs to follow the means that incorporate the arranging, sorting out, coordinating and controlling and with the assistance of these exercises the venture administrator is dependable to guarantee that the objectives of the undertaking has been cultivated. It gives the Douglas McGregor hypothesis that ends up being valuable in spurring the colleagues towards investing their amounts of energy to accomplish the objectives of the venture and proposes the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs of hypothesis to inspire the colleagues to understand their necessities and climb towa rds fulfilling their more significant level needs (Wysocki, 2011). So these perspectives plainly apply to the development venture and according to the investigation of the Chapter 5, it is seen that if there should arise an occurrence of undertakings like the development venture, one have to underline after creating successful connections so as to forestall tumult and this can likewise be accomplished by unmistakably characterizing the objectives and duties of the colleagues (Kerzner, 2013). Notwithstanding the above viewpoints, it is likewise imperative to effectively lead the human asset arranging since the development venture is a work serious task. Then again, examination of the Chapter 21, it is seen that it manages the task the board development model. The examination uncovers that it gets significant with respect to the association to be full grown enough to receive the task the board strategies to achieve the venture effectively (Kerzner, 2013). Along these lines, in this unique situation, Kerzners PM Maturity Model endeavors towards portraying the attributes of each degree of development that incorporates the dangers, the barricades and the activities required for finishing each level. According to the Kerzners PM Maturity Model, there are five levels that incorporate the basic language, the regular procedures, particular strategy, benchmarking and the nonstop improvement. At the primary level, for example basic language, the associations endeavor towards perceiving the significance of undertaking the executives and requirement for increasing a comprehension of the fundamental information on the venture the executives and its wording (Cicmil, 2006). At the second level for example the regular procedures, the associations endeavor towards perceiving the requirement for normal procedures and in this way the association stress after creation a concentrated exertion for utilizing venture the executives and building up the procedures and strategies for supporting the viable utilization of undertaking the board. At the third level for example the solitary technique, the associations endeavor towards creating particular systems as opposed to using various procedures so as to accomplish collaboration and procedure control (Cicmil et al., 2006). At the fourth level for example the benchmarking, the associations endeavor towards playing out the benchmarking all the time against those rehearsed in comparative and different businesses and them creates barely any chose basic achievement factors (Kerzner, 2011). At the fifth level, for example constant improvement, the associations endeavor towards assessing the d ata got the hang of during the benchmarking procedure and in this manner executes that change that is vital for improving the undertaking the board procedure (Kerzner, 2013). In this way, the above perspectives end up being valuable in productively dealing with the development venture. In addition, for viable procedure of the undertaking, there exist philosophies like PRINCE2 and PMBOK. The main procedure in venture the executives is Starting Up a Project and it is done before starting the undertaking it is identified with the Initiating Process bunch in the PMBOK Guide (Demir Kocaba?, 2010). This is where the comprehension is created of a few things, the purposes for why the venture has been attempted and the manners by which the task fits in with the corporate techniques, the people who are associated with the dynamic

Life Science and the Law essays

Life Science and the Law expositions One issue that has been a contention is the conservation of imperiled species. Since the time the 1960's, researchers have been battling for laws and acts to secure creatures and plants in keeping them healthy and their populaces high in numbers. The issue is creatures and plants are experiencing difficulty making due in this day and age which drives them to be named imperiled or compromised. Imperiled, which means creatures or plants with little populace that the species could before long become terminated and undermined is less extreme and fundamentally just implies that they are near getting jeopardized. By species getting jeopardized, this influences our living space's biodiversity. Today, in any case, individuals are needy for their food, wellbeing, prosperity and satisfaction in life on essential organic frameworks and procedures. People infer the entirety of its food and numerous prescriptions and modern items from the wild and without natural decent variety these moves couldn 't make place. In general, significant concern is worried over this point for species prosperity, however for our quality and our condition. The law majorly affects life sciences. Numerous demonstrations and laws have been gone and during that time even updated to help advantage the species. The primary demonstration is a significant demonstration in managing this subject .The Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 and the Endangered Species Conservation demonstration of 1969 was to show the weight on attempting to secure imperiled species. In spite of the fact that they weren't so viable. So on December 28, 1973, Richard M. Nixon signs the Endangered Species Act, which prompts the ascent of natural insurance enactment. This law makes it unlawful for Americans to import or exchange any item produced using a jeopardized or compromised species except if it is utilized for an affirmed logical reason or to upgrade the endurance of the species. Likewise the jeopardized species on this rundown can't be pursued , murdered, gathered, or harmed I... <!

How Financial Ratios Can Predict Failure Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

1 Introduction Financial crisis is the concrete embodiment of corporate failures. To study the causes of a listed company in financial distress and establish perfect, effective and operational early warning model not only has theoretical significance, but also has practical significance. With the scientific early warning model, a listed company can in time prevent and defuse financial crisis and improve the scientific nature of the crisis early-warning management; lenders (banks) will avoid high-risk loans; investors access to financial risk warning; government regulatory agencies can be with more effective and more scientific manner for market regulation, maintaining the stable operation of the market.. 2 Literature Review Beaver (1966) first proposed corporate financial early-warning analysis model, followed by many scholars in this field of research, research methods are also continually refined and improved. Among them is the landmark of Z-Score Discriminate model proposed by Beaver (1966) and Altman (1968, 1977), and the logic / probability of regression model proposed by Martin (1977) and Ohlson (1980). Zavgren (1985) and other scholars made further deepening. Aziz, Emanuel, and Lawson (1988, 1989) based on the cash flow model proposed companys value comes from the operators, creditors, shareholders and the sum of the Governments cash flow present value. According to the analysis of the paired data between bankrupt company and non-bankrupt company, they found that in the five years before bankruptcy, the two types of the companys means of cash flow from operations and cash payments have a significant difference in average income. According to statistics, the most frequently used method for analysi s of the financial distress is multiple linear discriminate analysis and logistic regression method. In recent years, many countries have begun to experiment with new methods of financial distress prediction and have made some preliminary results, such as the use of various neural network models, in an attempt to overcome the shortcomings of previous methods. Meanwhile, some scholars have tried to explore the basis of economic theory of the enterprises financial crisis, from the non-equilibrium theory, option pricing models and contract theory to analyze and forecast the financial crisis, and have achieved some results. Throughout the status of research and application at home and abroad, classification methods to a multiple linear discriminate analysis (MDA) as the mainstream, this is the most effective method in the academic circles and the industry. However, this method has its own drawbacks, such as the more stringent assumptions that the MDA requests variables showed normal distribution and equal covariance matrix and linear independence, which are inconsistent with many practice, has been the controversial issues in this field of study on the quantitative analysis. In view of this, this article would try to ST, as defined in the British company is a sign of financial distress, using the financial data of listed companies to the mainstream method of MDA in the early warning of financial distress to make a comparative study, on the one hand, further test the empirical results of these two methods in the United Kingdom in the application; the other hand, verify the existing accounting system and accounting standards, the financial statements whether there is predictive value of information, financial crisis whether there is a trace could be found, so as to provide an effective early warning tool of financial analysis for investors, financial institutions and market regulators. 3 MDA Early Warning Model of Financial Distress 3.1 Introduction of MDA The basic idea of multivariate linear discriminate analysis (MDA) in the s prediction research of financial distress is: According to the known observation of two different totalities, that is, a company with financial distress and a company without financial distress, and a number of random variable (financial indicators) reflect the differences in observed characteristics of the objects, based on historical data, using statistical methods filter out the index system with certain significant differences, to fit an optimal linear model for the classification of new things. The general form of discriminate function is:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  (1) where: is discriminate score, to reflect the characteristic variables of the study object, such as financial ratios; is discriminate coefficient for each variable. 3.2 Ideas and methods of empirical research In this paper, ST listed companies have been defined as an enterprise standard of corporate failures, which is a sign of financial distress for a listed company. This article first carried out the division of the ST types and stages of the company, and then analyzed the correlation model of the financial early-warning. Again it analyzed the all ST listed companies on the selected anomalies due to the financial situation, by primary 150 samples access to corporate financial distress, excluding the non-normal and data on the default company and, ultimately, obtained a sample of 83 companies in financial distress. At the same time, according to the matching principle of industry and size, it also selected 83 normal businesses as paired samples. On this basis, we have selected cover the length (short) period of solvency, operational efficiency, profitability, risk level, capacity development, capital structure, a total of six categories of 52 financial indicators, through the principal c omponent analysis model for screening the forecast variables, and ultimately to obtain 16 principal component variables for financial distress prediction. This paper presents a new perspective as a quantitative model-based in order to carry out a qualitative analysis of financial distress prediction. It should be noted that, despite the academic circles have done continuous research on the financial early-warning model, but so far people are still unable to accurately determine the financial variables included in the early-warning model. Therefore, at the choice of predictor variables, one can only determine the discrimination ratio as a standard to carry out a lot of search work, in a number of different models, variable combinations, sample composition and estimation techniques determine the ability to find the best combination of forecasts model. 3.3 Selection of Analysis Variables of listed company in financial distress 3.3.1 Sample design and data processing In this paper, the listed company by the plates of industry category in London Stock Exchange as a study object, the company has been special treatment (ST) because of the financial situation as a sign for an enterprise into financial distress, select all the ST companies from1998-2003 as the sample of companies financial distress. Since the Commission is based on the announced results from the annual reports of listed companies two years ago to determine whether there is abnormal financial situation and decide whether want them for special treatment, so the first two years using the annual reports of listed companies to forecast whether it would be obvious ST will exaggerate the predictive power of the model. Therefore, this option ST listed companies are to predict the first three years to determine whether it will ultimately fall into financial distress, that is, if a listed company in 2003 was special treatment, we use the data in 2000 to predict the annual report. In order to eliminate the influence of the factors of different years, industry and the scale of asset on financial distress prediction, we have based on the principle according to the ratio of 1:1 selects the healthy financial listed companies as paired samples: (1) consistent study period, such as financial distress enterprises adopt the data in 2000, then the normal financial company also use the data in 2000. (2) Paired samples are the same similar with the types of industry in financial distress. (3) Paired samples have the similar size of the total assets of the enterprises in financial distress. (4) The exclusion of ST companies with pure B shares and companies with serious accounting fraud. (5) The exclusion of companies missing or unreasonable data and the companies within two years is ST. (6) The exclusion of ST companies by other abnormal conditions. Accordingly, this study identified 300 samples, while excluding the non-normal ST companies and missing data companies. Finally the typical samples with completed data are a total of 166. Define the combination of 0 for the company in financial distress, the combination of 1 for the company in healthy finance, and with estimated 126 samples (including 63 companies in financial distress, 63 companies in healthy finance ), predictive samples are 40 (including 20 companies in financial distress, 20 companies in healthy finance). Selected covering a long (short) period of solvency, operational efficiency, profitability, risk level, capacity development, capital structure, a total of six categories are 52 financial indicators, deleting data, the default variable to be 26 initial variables, and then through principal component analysis method to determine the model predictor variables. 3.3.2 Variable test and screening The 16 principal components get by the above methods as new variables use stepwise discriminate analysis method for screening independent variables. 1, test with equal group mean value To compare the means of 16 principal components of financial indicators in different combinations are equal, we conducted a test of equal means. The results are shown in Table 1. It can be seen from Table 1, at the probability level of significance of 10%, Z1, Z3 and other 13 financial indicators in the two groups of samples there were significant differences on the mean. 2, variable screening Use stepwise discriminate analysis for variable screening. The model criteria are generally based on pre-designated F-value and probability level. Only when the calculated F value for a variable is greater than the specified value, the variable can enter the final discriminate function. This article will define the corresponding probability of significant F value as 0.1. The process of variable screening is shown in Table 2, the last predictive variables to enter the model are Z8, Z5, Z4, Z3, Z2. And the ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ » value of Z2 (Lambda = 0.736) is the smallest, indicating Z2 in the enterprises financial distress prediction has a more important role, followed by Z3 and Z4. 3, multicollinearity test In order to avoid multicollinearity, this paper adopts tolerance (TOL) and variance inflation factor (VIF) for multicollinearity tests for selected five variables. The results are shown in Table 3: In general, when the TOL is less than 0.1, or VIF greater than 10, it believes that there is multicollinearity. It can be drawn from Table 6, these selected variables do not exist multicollinearity. 4 Prediction of MDA model According to Fisher criteria, to make the maximum discriminate scores to distinguish two different totalities, the finally obtained linear discriminate function must determine the efficiency of the largest group of linear discriminate variable Z. According to Fisher linear discriminate model, we can calculate the means of the two types and, discriminate point is determined according to the principle of symmetry category: Z ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °/ 2 We will compare every companys Z score and discriminate point Z, if Z Z then it can be regards as the healthy financial company, and vice versa ruled the company in financial distress. By the application SPSS11.5 software and run the MDA analysis model, the analysis results obtained are in Table 4 below: By the discriminate coefficient in Table 4, we can get a linear discriminate function: Z = 0.121 + 0.474ÃÆ'Æ’-Z2 0.258ÃÆ'Æ’-Z3 0.348ÃÆ'Æ’-Z4 0.247ÃÆ'Æ’-Z5 + 0.404ÃÆ'Æ’-Z8 From the coefficient of the group center of gravity in Table 8, it can be seen that the means of the two combined Z scores are -0.797 and 0.866, respectively. Therefore, according to the principle of symmetry classification, discriminate point Z= ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °/ 2 = 0.0345, When taking every companys financial indicators into the discriminate function, the obtained Z-score is greater than 0.0345, then it can be regards as the healthy financial company, the contrary is the company in financial distress. Discriminate results are as follows (see Table 5): The error rate of the miscarriage of justice for the company in financial distress (0) to the company in healthy finance (1) is expressed by type of I e error rate of the miscarriage of justice for the company in financial distress (0) to the company in healthy finance (1) is expressed by type of II, it can be seen that with error rate for estimated samples with multiple discriminate analysis is 16%, the error rate by type of II is 14.3%, the integrated accuracy rate is 84.85%; and the error rate by type of I for predicted samples is 15%, the error rate by type of II is 20%, the integrated accuracy rate is 82.5%. 5 Recommendations The quantitative early-warning model provides an effective early warning signal, but to make more accurate measurements for the operation of listed companies failures, it also needs for some qualitative detailed analysis of the situation. a, changes in ownership in listed companies: The transfer of shares of listed companies, especially the changes of large shareholders and controlling shareholders, generally begin to occur in the operations of the company to start or has worsened, a major shareholder is to look for a strong partner to bail the company and its own out circumstances. Such as asset restructuring of listed companies are mostly based on transfer of shares as the beginning. b, self-discipline and stability of the situation of the board and senior management: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"   self-discipline. Concern about whether the directors and executives suspected of corruption, smuggling and other economic crimes, because these acts not only harm the companys image, but also often bring enormous economic losses to listed companies, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" ¡ stability of personnel. Board is the companys business strategy-maker, and senior executives is an execution for the established strategy, if the frequent changes in boards and senior executives, will definitely lead to the instability and the implementation of bias for the development of strategic and operational guidelines, thus affecting the companys normal operations . Therefore, it must also attach importance to the company with frequent changes of personnel. 6 Conclusion MDA technology for early warning of financial distress of listed companies have a high predictive ability, which further demonstrated that in the existing accounting system and accounting standards, the financial statements can provide a wealth of useful information for prediction of financial distress, the financial crisis has disappeared to be found. A listed company in financial crisis or corporate failures is a concrete manifestation of survival of the fittest under the conditions of market economy. In this context, the financial crisis highlights the growing importance of advance warning. Financial indicators contain useful information for the prediction of financial distress, using the first three years of financial indicators, the MDA model can effectively predict the probability of financial crisis for ST companies; however, with the comparison, by the use of the previous four years and the first five years financial indicators, the long-term early warning capability of the MDA model is not good enough. To this end, it needs the combination of the quantitative and qualitative indicators for monitoring early-warning model for the real-time monitoring of company changes, to establish a financial distress prediction method for listed companies with quantitative model-based, supplemented by qualitative analysis, to ensure to pr ovide a reliable basis for decision making on the businesses, governments, creditors, prevention and risk mitigation.

The First Reptiles and Their Evolution

Everyone agrees how the old story goes: Fish evolved into tetrapods, tetrapods evolved into amphibians, and amphibians evolved into reptiles. Its a gross oversimplification, of course—for example, fish, tetrapods, amphibians,  and reptiles coexisted for tens of millions of years—but itll do for our purposes. For many students of prehistoric life, the last link in this chain is the most important, since the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles of the Mesozoic Era all descended from ancestral reptiles. Before proceeding, though, its important to define what the word reptile means. According to biologists, the single defining characteristic of reptiles is that they lay hard-shelled eggs on dry land as opposed to amphibians, which must lay their softer, more permeable eggs in water. Secondarily, compared with amphibians, reptiles have armored or scaly skin, which protects them from dehydration in the open air; larger, more muscular legs; slightly bigger brains; and lung-powered respiration though no diaphragms, which were a later evolutionary development. First Reptile Depending on how strictly you define the term, there are two prime candidates for the first-ever reptile. One is the early Carboniferous Period (about 350 million years ago) Westlothiana, from Europe, which laid leathery eggs but otherwise had an amphibian anatomy, especially pertaining to its wrists and skull. The other, more widely accepted candidate is Hylonomus, which lived about 35 million years after Westlothiana and resembled the small, skittery lizard you run across in pet stores. This is simple enough, as far as it goes, but once you get past Westlothiana and Hylonomus, the story of reptile evolution gets much more complicated. Three distinct reptilian families appeared during the Carboniferous and Permian periods. Anapsids such as Hylonomus had solid skulls, which provided little latitude for the attachment of robust jaw muscles; the skulls of synapsids sported single holes on either side; and the skulls of diapsids had two holes on each side. These lighter skulls, with their multiple attachment points, proved to be good templates for later evolutionary adaptations. Why is this important? Anapsid, synapsid, and diapsid reptiles pursued very different paths toward the start of the Mesozoic Era. Today, the only living relatives of the anapsids are turtles and tortoises, though the exact nature of this relationship is hotly disputed by paleontologists. The synapsids spawned one extinct reptilian line, the pelycosaurs, the most famous example of which was Dimetrodon, and another line, the therapsids, which evolved into the first mammals of the Triassic Period. Finally, the diapsids evolved into the first archosaurs, which then split off into dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles, and probably marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs. Lifestyles Whats of interest here is the obscure group of lizard-like reptiles that succeeded Hylonomus and preceded these better-known and much larger beasts. Its not that solid evidence is lacking; plenty of obscure reptiles have been discovered in Permian and Carboniferous fossil beds, especially in Europe. But most of these reptiles look so similar that attempting to distinguish between them can be an eye-rolling exercise. Classification of these animals is a matter of debate, but heres an attempt to simplify: Captorhinids, exemplified by Captorhinus and Labidosaurus, are the most basal, or primitive, reptile family yet identified, only recently evolved from amphibian ancestors such as Diadectes and Seymouria. As far as paleontologists can tell, these anapsid reptiles went on to spawn both synapsid therapsids and diapsid archosaurs.Procolophonians were plant-eating anapsid reptiles that (as mentioned above) might have been ancestral to modern turtles and tortoises. Among the better-known genera are Owenetta and Procolophon.Pareiasaurids were much larger anapsid reptiles that counted among the biggest land animals of the Permian Period, the two best-known genera being Pareiasaurus and Scutosaurus. Over their reign, Pareiasaurs evolved elaborate armor, which still didnt prevent them from going extinct 250 million years ago.Millerettids were small, lizard-like reptiles that subsisted on insects and also went extinct at the end of the Permian Period. The two best-known terrestrial milleretids were Eunotosaurus and Milleretta; an ocean-dwelling variant, Mesosaurus, was one of the first reptiles to de-evolve to a marine lifestyle. Finally, no discussion of ancient reptiles is complete without a shout-out to the flying diapsids, a family of small Triassic reptiles that evolved butterfly-like wings and glided from tree to tree. True one-offs and well out of the mainstream of diapsid evolution, the likes of Longisquama and Hypuronector must have been a sight to see as they fluttered high overhead. These reptiles were closely related to another obscure diapsid branch, the tiny monkey lizards such as Megalancosaurus and Drepanosaurus that also lived high in trees but lacked the ability to fly.

Global Warming and Acid Rain - 5460 Words

Global Warming and Acid Rain INTRODUCTION The phrase Global Warming has become familiar to many people as one of the important environmental issues of our day. Many views have been expressed concerning it, from the doom-laden to the dismissive. There is little debate that the earth is undoubtedly warming. It has been the subject of intense debate for decades now. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and industrial gases from fossil fuels play a huge role in why our environment is changing so rapidly. With projections of an increase between 2.5 and 10.5 degrees by the year 2100, it is really nothing to take lightly. According to some scientific studies, the main gas causing global warming, CO2, or carbon dioxide, has increased†¦show more content†¦It is recycled through the atmosphere by the process photosynthesis, which makes human life possible. Photosynthesis is the process of green plants and other organisms transforming light energy into chemical energy. Light Energy is trapped and used to convert carbon dioxide, water, and other minerals into oxygen and energy rich organic compounds. Carbon Dioxide is emitted into the air as humans exhale, burn fossil fuels for energy, and deforest the planet. Every y ear humans add over 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by these processes, and it is up thirty percent since 1750. An isolated test at Mauna Loa in Hawaii revealed more than a 12% (316 ppm in 1959 to 360 ppm in 1996) increase in mean annual concentration of carbon dioxide. Mauna Loa, located in Hawaii, is the worlds largest volcano at 40,000 cubic km and 4,170 meters above sea level. Ice core samples have also shown a dramatic increase in carbon dioxide levels. Drilling deep into glaciers and polar ice caps and taking out samples of ice, then melting the ice and capturing the gas has shown an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 100 years. 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Security of Electronic Health Records †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Security of Electronic Health Records. Answer: Introduction: A record management system is an information storage and retrieval system that acts as an authoritative source for particular information. The mode can be manual or electronic. Manual record keeping systems include the filing, while electronic storage systems are computer-based databases. Notably, the records system must ensure security and data integrity to prevent discrepancies during information storage and retrieval. According to (Maguire, 2005) electronic record keeping is more efficient, easy to locate and secure; however, they are liable to file format conversion, time frame changes, multiple edits, and bugs. Also, paper-based filing is time-consuming and susceptible to damage by fire or floods. The record management systems should be easily accessible, up-to-date, accurate, and comprehensive. For instance, in real estate, the sold prices, listings and property appraisals are routinely stored to provide information for audit, and other business operations. Records systems ensure information preservation, timely availability, accurate updating, and more accessible control of resources such as computers and space (Demirtela Bayram, 2014). For example, in real estate, the landlord can easily access information regarding the tenants security and rent payment. In this way, the concept ensures necessary property information and unit specific expenses are readily available. The unit costs include worksheets, security deposits, depreciation, and fees; while essential information consists of repair receipts, insurance documents, mortgage papers and instruction manuals. According to (Tough, 2011) excellent record keeping helps maximize profits, measure business performance and protect the investment. Notably, records are the basis of electronic and physical documentation consisting of business details, legal agreements, and transaction amounts and dates. For example, property appraisals detail information on the market value of real estate property. Today, most businesses utilize the electronic record systems to store information, update and generate reports when required. The concept is advantageous compared to the manual filing system in that data is stored for longer and securely. Cumming (2007) suggests that good record systems for the real estate business include the sold properties, sales prices, listings and sales figures, property appraisals, rental ranges, rental vacancy rates, sales reports and comparisons between agencies and client expectations of prices, sales, and rental fields with the actual costs. Notably, record keeping in the real estate business depends on the transaction files, length of time and disclosure provisions specified by the sales representatives, brokers and real estate developers. In this way, record systems prevent money laundering and corporate espionage because receipts, invoices, and checks are readily available. The record systems are subject to legislative rules and regulations such as the Proceeds of Crime Act. Information storage is essential for business records because it allows real estate agents to examine and analyze current trends and developments in the industry. Further, it will enable potential tenants to analyze local sales before deciding on the suitable residency. Examples of record systems in real estate include the property appraisals; listings and sales figures; sold properties; rental vacancy rates; sales prices; rental ranges and returns; and agency property management reports. Schreier, Wilson Resnik (2006) suggests that property appraisals indicate the economic value of the real estate business. However, the evaluation relies on the appraiser, market value, and the insured property. Notably, a written appraisal is essential for property buying, selling, insuring and mortgaging of the real estate business. Further, it allows evaluation of cases involving compensation of destroyed or damaged property. According to (Ngoepe, 2015) listings includes placing the firms shares on the stocks lists for the stock exchange. Sales figures and listings of real estate businesses allow the owners to assess the tenants confidentiality and their overall sales within a particular period. Notably, sales prices are the actual costs of which property sold. Johnston (2005) suggests that sales prices allow real estate agents to analyze the market depending on previous sales and propose values of the available products. Further, the sales reports provide information for potential tenants who are interested in buying and selling the property. Ryan (2005) suggests that rental ranges and returns allow the owners to determine the expected returns from the investment before maintenance fees, tax deductions, and other costs. Further, agency property management and sales reports enable the companies to record sold properties for audit purposes. Notably, records on past, existing and prospective clients allows real estate agencies to identify contacts and other valuable assets relating to the tenants. Maguire (2005) explains that good record systems must ensure the safety of the stored information. In this way, the agencies prevent fraud, identity theft, and corporate espionage. Further, the concept allows protection of information from unauthorized use, access, inspection, theft, modification, and destruction. According to (Ngoepe, 2015) security entails methodologies and processes created to ensure confidentiality of record management systems. For instance, paper-based records are backed-up in different locations for protection from floods or fire. Another method of providing security for hard copy documents is safe storage to avoid damage or theft. Backing up involves copying virtual or physical files to secondary storage in case of any catastrophe or equipment failure (Khan Batool, 2016). The concept allows rapid and reliable retrieval of the duplicated copies in case need arises. Further, it prevents information corruption and deletion. Real estate firms must restrict backup files to authorized employees only this prevents crucial passing information to unscrupulous personnel. Further, real estate companies can create a security policy limiting access to the record keeping system this protects physical records and electronic documentation from unauthorized personnel. Smyth (2005) suggests that hackers target the information storage systems, and therefore, companies must ensure proper storage of information in a secure facility. Win (2005) demonstrates that record systems relating to real estate involve accounting journals and a summary of all business transactions. Primarily, the business checkbook allows for future reference. In this case, proper record keeping is essential in preventing misunderstandings and unfair claims from the agencies employees. Notably, the records system details information of current tenants which allows easy monitoring of the rental property. Lomas (2010) suggests that sales price enable the agents to analyze and estimate the market value of their real estate property this attracts potential tenants seeking cost-effective accommodation. Record-keeping is essential in that it allows secure and efficient information storage. For the agency in Jonesville, the record management system will involve both manual and electronic filing. For instance, files consisting information such as sales prices, rental vacancy rates, sales prices, rental ranges and returns and property appraisals should be physically documented and safely stored on shelves. On the other hand, electronic documentation will involve property appraisals, agency listings, and necessary information regarding the clients. In this case, information storage features in databases management systems (DBMS) such as MySQL. The database allows secure storage of data and sequential access for authorized personnel only (Blansit, 2008). Further, MySQL enables information modification, addition, rearranging and updating of the records. Notably, information regarding the 200 properties from another agency and 15 exclusive properties for sale will be backed up in software such as the Microsoft SQL Server. In this way, data storage takes place in case of loss from the primary sources. Staff training is a crucial sector in any organization; it aims to effectively direct and manage labor provisions for an organization to achieve their desired targets. The primary functions of the human resource are to access the performance, development, training, selection, and recruitment of human labor force. Also, they are typically responsible for managing promotions and dismissals to the employees (Liu et al., 2014). Adequate employee training should incorporate the age difference. Among employee, the age difference allows development of various generations depending on the training methods utilized. Strategies used in continuing professional development of employees clustered in age groups. The cluster is necessary because professional goals for young employees differ from their older counterparts. Young entry stage business employees are still timid in undertaking various business procedures. Employees at this stage need more formal training to improve their performance in d ealing with the system (Sharma, 2016). Middle ages employees need practice for them to realize the best specialization. Employees who are nearing retirement have different mentalities they require training to improve with their commitment with the system (Pool et al., 2015). Practical training on software systems includes employee engagement in software selection this helps them understand the benefits of the new system. Further, it makes the system more endearing to the employees and creates awareness about the software's usability.While implementing the new software packages, the agency will set definite and measurable learning objectives for what workers are going to achieve from the training. For instance, when implementing the MySQL database, provide employees with transactional entries to retrieve particular information this develops their ability to relate the practice to real-life situations. Since the agency's workers occur across a varied region, with different time zones, online coaching is suitable. The practice occurs from a given set-up room and requires the internet connection for employee interaction. In this case, pre-requisite coaching takes place via e-learning and other emerging learning platforms. During this step, the employees become conversant with the software packages and business methods relating to its application. Online training is efficient and cost-effective because it saves the workers productive hours. Further, the approach provides updates of the area unit and necessary changes to the package software processes and steps. The action involves developing coaching modules as per the responsibilities and roles of the workers. Sharma (2016) suggests that the course should consist of a spectrum of characters, rather than one duty. In this case, workers undergo training on the software functions about their roles and responsibilities. Notably, role-based coaching involves training workers in individual departments on the supported tasks and daily usage of the software package (Voegtlin et al., 2015). The step makes the training relevant and enhances its worth. Feedback in software package training sessions is essential this is because it helps the trainer to wedge the user acceptance of newly installed software. Meng Arunkumar (2018)explains that collecting feedback builds necessary enhancements to the educational program. The step involves supporting queries, suggestions, views, and doubts that allow the trainer to improve the training methods continually. Employees will fill the sample table after training Question Training to be done here by the trainer. Trainees feedback Dou you know what the system explains? Explanation of the functioning of the system in general. Do you understand the functioning of the system? Is the system relevant to the organization? Explanations of the benefits of the system to the organization Do you think the system is beneficial to your workplace? Explanations of the benefits of the system to the users What is your overall experience with the system? Showing employees all the functionings of the system The flowchart below shows the sequence of how events will happen in training. References Schreier, A., Wilson, K., Resnik, D. (2006). Academic Research Record-Keeping: Best Practices for Individuals, Group Leaders, and Institutions. PMC , 42-47. Arunkumar, G. M. (2018). Construction of employee training program evaluation system of three exponential forecast based on the sliding window. Cluster Computing, 1-6. Batool, Y. K. (2016). PERCEIVED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT COMMERCIAL BANK IN PESHAWAR. Journal of Management Research (JMR), 2 (2), 140-160. Bayram, H. D. (2014). The efficiency of Electronic Records Management Systems: Turkey and Example of Ministry of Development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 147 (25), 189-196. Blansit, D. (2008). The Basics of Relational Databases Using MySQL. Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries, 3 (3), 135-148. Voegtlin et al. (2015). How to empower employees: using training to enhance work units' collective empowerment. International Journal of Manpower, 36 (3), 354-373. Cumming, K. (2007). Purposeful data: the roles and purposes of recordkeeping metadata. Records Management Journal, 17 (3), 186-200. Johnston, G. (2005). The benefits of electronic records management systems: a general review of published and some unpublished cases. Records Management Journal, 15 (3), 131-140. Liu, Z. (2014). Chinese firms' sustainable development-The role of future orientation, environmental commitment, and employee training. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31 (1), 195-213. Lomas, E. (2010). Information governance: information security and access within a UK context. Records Management Journal, 20 (2), 182-198. Maguire, R. (2005). Lessons learned from implementing an electronic records management system. Records Management Journal, 15 (3), 150-157. Ngoepe, M. (2015). Justice delayed is justice denied: Records management and the travesty of justice in South Africa. Records Management Journal, 25 (3), 288-305. Pool, A. (2015). Strategies for continuing professional development among younger, middle-aged old: A biographical approach. International Journal of Business Records Studies, 52 (5), 939-950. Ryan, D. (2005). The future of managing electronic records. Records Management Journal, 15 (3), 128-130. Sharma, P. (2016). Employee training and motivation as the predictors of Job performance: Empirical evidence from Indian Insurance Sector. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 6 (2), 276-289. Smyth, Z. (2005). Implementing EDRM: has it provided the benefits expected? Records Management Journal, 15 (3), 141-149. Tough, A. (2011). Accountability, open government and record keeping: time to think again? Records Management Journal, 21 (3), 225-236. Win, K. T. (2005). A review of Security of Electronic Health Records. Health Information Management Journal, 34 (1), 13 - 18.

WTO Serving the Wealthy, Not the Poor

Bello’s article offers an assertive critique on the functioning of the WTO. The article is an important document which offers valuable insights on the nature of global markets. Bello argues that the WTO is only serving the interests of the wealthy countries and not the poor. In his arguments, Bello gives an assertive assault on the operations of the WTO, which are aimed at benefiting the wealthy countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on WTO: Serving the Wealthy, Not the Poor specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From an economic perspective, Bello’s arguments are a critique of the WTO. The article demonstrates the nature of exploitation the wealthy nations exert on the poor nations by adopting the WTO. The article is comprehensive in demonstrating the nature of global trade, which is facilitated by GATT-WTO in favor of developed nations particularly the US. In his critique, Bello demonstrates the manipu lation of trade tariffs by removing barriers of trade so as to create markets for developed nations’ products. The WTO and GATT are criticized for creating a liberal global market which is aimed at killing domestic industries in poor countries by encouraging imports at low or no tariffs. In light of this analysis, it is true arguing that the WTO serves the wealthy not the poor countries. From a personal perspective, Bello’s arguments are authentic. It is true that the WTO is serving the interests of rich countries at the expense of poor countries. The WTO among other trade institutions like GATT, IMF, and World Bank are instituted by the developed nations. It is logical to argue that the developed nations have made these institutions to protect their interests. The US brought agriculture to GATT-WTO in 1995 to ensure the developing nations rely on US food products. The expansion of WTO jurisdiction was motivated by US interests of eliminating trade barriers. This was n ot aimed at benefiting the poor nations but rather help the developed nations market their products. The overall policies and guidelines offered by the WTO are aimed at encouraging cross-border trade without restrictions. This is a strategic plan by the developed nations to exploit the poor nations due to their weak competitive power. The dispute-resolution mechanisms adopted by the WTO are maliciously aimed at exploiting the developing nations. The WTO operations are compromised by the interests of wealthy countries who seek to reduce and eliminate trade barriers. This subjects poor countries to undue competition, which leads to killing of domestic industries.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bello’s critique is appealing and authentic in addressing the issue of international trade. The critique is positive and acceptable based on the factual support offered by th e author. The involvement of US in WTO affairs by pressurizing the incorporation of agriculture in GATT-WTO, free cross-border trade, formidable dispute-resolution, and expansion of WTO jurisdiction are maliciously made to benefit the US and other developed nations. The WTO caused more harm than good to the poor nations. Poor nations are pressurized to eliminate import and export tariffs. This only benefits foreign trade and multinationals owned by the wealthy nations. The structural adjustment programs initiated by WTO, IMF and World Bank are exploitative to the poor nations. These initiatives by the WTO are aimed at liberalizing trade, which in turn benefits wealth nations who are more competitive. The developing nations have been manipulated to enter into WTO, whereby these poor nations have been committed to eliminating restrictions on import tariffs and a pledge of not raising other tariffs on imports. This essay on WTO: Serving the Wealthy, Not the Poor was written and submitted by user Duncan Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.